It was necessary to first demonstrate that the dog did not already salivate to the metronome. Why did he do this? -Any difference in response to the metronome after pairing with food could then be shown to have been caused by the pairing. Learning through observation Insight Learning The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known Cognitive Map a mental representation of the layout of one's environment In Pavlov's original experiment, he initially presented the metronome alone, before pairing it with the food. Latent Learning learning that takes place without reinforcement The third group's results showed that during the first 10 days they had developed a cognitive map of the maze, so that they were primed to respond quickly once reinforcement occurred. The first group received no reinforcement for completing a maze, the second group received reinforcement, and the third group began receiving reinforcement starting on day 11. Edward Tolman Experiment Edward Tolman divided maze-running rats into three groups. On average, Elinor is paid three weekends per month, but she can't count on it. Example of Variable Ratio schedule Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses, such as a slot machine-you never know which pull of the handle will win you a prize Example of Variable Interval Schedule Elinor helps her friend every weekend at an outdoor flea market, but Elinor is only paid on the weeks when sales exceed her friend's expenses. Example of fixed ratio Rey works in the packing department at a frozen food factory and is paid a set amount of money for every 1,000 containers of frozen peas he packages. acquisition phase of classical conditioning a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an conditioned stimulus. Model The imitation of an observed behavior. Vicarious Conditioning Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action.
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